Age-related neurological disorders (ANDs), including neurodegenerative diseases, are complex illnesses with an increasing risk with advancing years. The central nervous system's neuropathological conditions, including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and protein misfolding, are what define ANDs. Due to the rise in age-dependent prevalence, efforts have been made to combat ANDs. Vitis viniferahas a long history of usageto treat a variety of illness symptoms. Because multiple ligand sites may be targeted, Vitis viniferacomponents can be employed to treat ANDs. This is demonstrated by the link between the structure and action of these compounds. This review demonstrates that Vitis viniferaand its constituents, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, stilbenoidsandaromatic acids, are effective at reducing the neurological symptoms and pathological conditions of ANDs. This is done by acting as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. The active Vitis vinifera ingredients have therapeutic effects on ANDs, as this review explains.
Las enfermedades neurológicas asociadas a la edad (AND, por su sigla en inglés) incluyendo las enfermedades neurodegenerativas, son enfermedades complejas con un riesgo creciente con la edad. Las condiciones neuropatológicas del sistema nervioso central, que incluyen el estrés oxidativo, la neuro inflamación, y el plegado erróneo de proteínas, son lo que define las AND. Debido al aumento en la prevalencia dependiente de la edad, se han hecho esfuerzos para combatir las AND. Vitis vinifera tiene una larga historia de uso para el tratamiento de síntomas. Puesto que puede hacer objetivo a muchos sitios ligando, los componentes de Vitis viniferase pueden utilizar para tratar AND. Esto se demuestra por el vínculo entre la estructura y la acción de estos compuestos. Esta revisión demuestra que la Vitis viniferay sus constituyentes, incluídos los flavonoides, componentes fenólicos, estilbenoides, y ácidos aromáticos, son efectivos para reducir los síntomas neurológicos y las condiciones patológicas de AND. Esto se produce por su acción como antioxidante y antiinflamatorio. Los ingredientes activos de Vitis vinifera tienen efectos terapéuticos en AND, y esta revisión lo explica.
Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Vitis/chemistry , Nervous System Diseases/drug therapy , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Antioxidants/therapeutic use
The prevalence of male infertility has become a significant clinical concern worldwide, with a noticeable upward trend in recent times. The rates of fertilization and subsequent development of embryos are dependent on many parameters associated with the quality and viability of sperm. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a promising approach with a great potential for translational applications in the treatment of spermatozoa exhibiting low quality and motility. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature, specifically examining the mechanisms of action of PBM has been presented. Our objective was to enhance knowledge in the field of laser light therapy in order to promote the usage of irradiation in clinical settings in a more effective way. Within the realm of reproductive science, the utilization of PBM has been employed to enhance the metabolic processes, motility, and viability of spermatozoa. This is attributed to its advantageous effects on mitochondria, resulting in the activation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and subsequent synthesis of ATP. This therapeutic approach can be highly advantageous in circumventing the reliance on chemical substances within the culture medium for spermatozoa while also facilitating the viability and motility of spermatozoa, particularly in circumstances involving thawing or samples with significant immotility.
Background and Aim: In late 2021, the world faced the rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, which quickly became the variant of concern. In April 2022, two new lineages of Omicron (BA.4/BA.5) emerged from Africa, where they caused the fifth wave of infection. Method: We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus online databases up to December 2023 for founding relevant studies. Results: BA.4 and BA.5 subgroups, with changes in the spike protein, have a greater ability to escape from the immune system, which was possible with the help of L452R and F486V mutations. Epidemiologically, these evolving subtypes show similarities to seasonal influenza but with higher mortality rates. The symptoms of these subgroups are different from the previous types in the form of upper respiratory symptoms. Antiviral treatments, the use of antibodies such as bebtelovimab, and the development of vaccines are promising. Conclusion: Consequently, we must continue to be vigilant in our joint surveillance efforts against COVID-19 in diagnosis and treatment.
Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide, affecting millions of people physically and financially every year. Over time, many anticancer treatments have been proposed and studied, including synthetic compound consumption, surgical procedures, or grueling chemotherapy. Although these treatments have improved the daily life quality of patients and increased their survival rate and life expectancy, they have also shown significant drawbacks, including staggering costs, multiple side effects, and difficulty in compliance and adherence to treatment. Therefore, natural compounds have been considered a possible key to overcoming these problems in recent years, and thorough research has been done to assess their effectiveness. In these studies, scientists have discovered a meaningful interaction between several natural materials and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 molecules. STAT3 is a transcriptional protein that is vital for cell growth and survival. Mechanistic studies have established that activated STAT3 can increase cancer cell proliferation and invasion while reducing anticancer immunity. Thus, inhibiting STAT3 signaling by natural compounds has become one of the favorite research topics and an attractive target for developing novel cancer treatments. In the present article, we intend to comprehensively review the latest knowledge about the effects of various organic compounds on inhibiting the STAT3 signaling pathway to cure different cancer diseases.
BACKGROUND: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a relatively common and heterogenous malignancy of different organs, such as the skin, esophagus, and lungs. Although most cases experience good survival with surgical methods, management of advanced types of the disease remains challenging. Several modalities, including different chemotherapy regimens and immunotherapies, have been investigated in this matter, among which Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) are one of the most promising ones. Since the development of Mabs, they have been widely used to treat different diseases. Mabs have shown significant efficacy with high specificity along with acceptable safety, which makes them a favorable option in cancer therapy. In this article, we aimed to review the different aspects of using Mabs in SCC therapy. RECENT FINDINGS: We found that treating with different Mabs has shown excellent efficacy accompanied by acceptable safety in treating SCC of different organs. Therefore, Mabs are considered great options in the treatment of SCC, especially in advanced cases. Overall, two highly potent types of Mabs in SCC therapy are anti-EGFR Mabs and checkpoint inhibitors, especially Cetuximab, Nimotuzumab, and PD-1 inhibitors. Bevacizumab is also a promising option as adjuvant therapy to other modalities. CONCLUSION: Although some Mabs have shown promising outcomes in SCC therapy, their application as a part of cancer treatment depends on further investigations regarding cost-effectiveness and predictors of response. FDA has approved several Mabs in SCC therapies, and Mabs may have a crucial role in this era in the near future, especially in treating head and neck and esophageal SCC and metastatic lung cancer.
Antineoplastic Agents , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell , Humans , Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use , Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology , ErbB Receptors , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy , Cetuximab , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
BACKGROUND: Acute Pulmonary embolism (APE) is considered one of the deadliest cardiovascular diseases. Electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities in pulmonary embolism (PE) are increasingly reported. A growing number of studies have recommended that ECG plays a crucial role in the prognostic assessment of PE patients. However, there is scarce data on the prognostic importance of fragmented QRS (fQRS) on outcomes in patients with APE. This study aims to investigate the prognostic value of fQRS in APE patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional-analytic study. This study included 280 patients diagnosed with APE admitted to Shahid Madani hospital, Tabriz, Iran. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) was used to diagnose APE. A checklist was prepared for all patients, demographic, clinical characteristics, and Major Adverse Cardiopulmonary events (MACPE), including in-hospital mortality, need for thrombolysis, mechanical ventilation, and surgical embolectomy, were recorded. Patients were divided into two groups: patients who manifested fQRS on their ECG and patients who did not; Then, demographic, clinical characteristics, and MACPE were compared in the two groups, as mentioned earlier. Furthermore, all statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS software. RESULTS: 48 patients (17.14%) had fQRS(+) on their ECG, and 232 patients (82.86%) did not have it on their ECG. In data analysis, 22 patients (8.7%) had in-hospital mortality, 35 patients (13.9%) needed thrombolysis, nine patients (3.9%) required mechanical ventilation, and 13 patients (5.1%) needed surgical embolectomy. fQRS was not significantly associated with in-hospital mortality (P = 0.225), need for thrombolysis (P = 0.684), mechanical ventilation (P = 1.000), and surgical embolectomy (P = 1.000). Demographic and clinical characteristics were also similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study does not support the idea that fQRS on ECG is a valuable predictor of in-hospital mortality, the need for thrombolysis, mechanical ventilation, and surgical embolectomy.
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is known to be a common respiratory and/or cardiovascular complication in hospitalized patients with viral infections. Numerous studies have proven human immunodeficiency virus infection to be a prothrombotic condition. An elevated VTE risk has been observed in critically ill H1N1 influenza patients. VTE risk is remarkably higher in patients infected with the Hepatitis C virus in contrast to uninfected subjects. The elevation of D-dimer levels supported the association between Chikungunya and the Zika virus and the rise of clinical VTE risk. Varicella-zoster virus is a risk factor for both cellulitis and the consequent invasive bacterial disease which may take part in thrombotic initiation. Eventually, hospitalized patients infected with the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), the cause of the ongoing worldwide pandemic, could mainly suffer from an anomalous risk of coagulation activation with enhanced venous thrombosis events and poor quality clinical course. Although the risk of VTE in nonhospitalized COVID-19 patients is not known yet, there are a large number of guidelines and studies on thromboprophylaxis administration for COVID-19 cases. This study aims to take a detailed look at the effect of viral diseases on VTE, the epidemiology of VTE in viral diseases, and the diagnosis and treatment of VTE.
Age-related neurological disorders [AND] include neurodegenerative diseases [NDDs] such as Alzheimer's disease [AD] and Parkinson's disease [PD], which are the most prevalent types of dementia in the elderly. It also includes other illnesses such as migraine and epilepsy. ANDs are multifactorial, but aging is their major risk factor. The most frequent and vital pathological features of AND are oxidative stress, inflammation, and accumulation of misfolded proteins. As AND brain damage is a significant public health burden and its incidence is increasing, much has been done to overcome it. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is one of the polyphenol-rich fruits that is widely mentioned in medical folklore. Pomegranate is commonly used to treat common disorders such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, wound healing, bleeding, dysentery, acidosis, microbial infections, infectious and noninfectious respiratory diseases, and neurological disorders. In the current review article, we aimed to summarize the data on the pharmacotherapeutic potentials of pomegranate in ANDs.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to huge concern worldwide. Some SARS-CoV-2 infected patients may experience post-COVID-19 complications such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome, defined by symptoms including fever and elevated inflammatory markers (such as elevation of C reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate, fibrinogen, procalcitonin test, D-dimer, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase or IL-6, presence of neutrophilia, lymphopenia, decreased albumin, and multiple organ dysfunction). Post-COVID-19 complications may also manifest as autoimmune diseases such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. Signaling disorders, increased inflammatory cytokines secretion, corticosteroid use to treat COVID-19 patients, or impaired immune responses are suggested causes of autoimmune diseases in these patients. In this review, we discuss the molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities for multisystem inflammatory syndrome and autoimmune diseases following SARS-CoV-2 infection with the aim to provide a clear view for health care providers and researchers.
Endothelial cells (ECs) play a critical role in health and disease due to their widespread distribution and unique location. Although ECs are not regarded as classical immune cells, they actively participate in innate immune and inflammatory responses. EC function is affected by exogenous activators (i.e., infectious agents) and endogenous triggers (i.e., damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) released by stressed or injured cells). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can recognize both infectious agents and DAMPs and play a key role in activating innate mechanisms in ECs. Endothelial dysfunction (EDF) may lead to tissue damage in various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases through TLRs. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of TLRs in a variety of EDF-related conditions, including autoimmunity and graft rejection, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and related complications, ischemia and related injuries, and sepsis.
Cardiovascular Diseases , Vascular Diseases , Alarmins , Endothelial Cells , Humans , Immunity, Innate , Signal Transduction , Toll-Like Receptors
